Nuclear energy in Colombia: An alternative towards future replacement of other energy sources

Abstract

In light of the growing challenges posed by climate change and the increasing variability of hydroelectric generation—which accounted for 64 % of Colombia’s energy matrix in 2024—this article examines the feasibility of incorporating nuclear energy as a strategic alternative to diversify the national energy mix and enhance the country’s energy security. The study is grounded in current debates on sustainable energy transitions and energy security, drawing upon theories of technological diversification and carbon emission mitigation. Its main contribution lies in the prospective analysis of small modular reactors (SMRs) within the Colombian context—an approach scarcely explored in the region—offering a novel perspective compared to the prevailing focus on conventional or intermittent renewable technologies. Methodologically, the research follows a descriptive and comparative design, combining literature review, analysis of the updated regulatory framework—including the 2025 Nuclear Law—and benchmarking against relevant international experiences (France, China, and the United States). In addition, a prospective simulation exercise estimates the economic value of carbon emission reductions achievable through nuclear deployment. The findings suggest that between 5.7 and 9.5 million tons of CO₂ emissions could be avoided annually. The study concludes that nuclear energy could not only complement other low-carbon sources, but also attract foreign direct investment, stimulate domestic supply chains, and contribute to a more resilient, sustainable, and technologically diverse energy transition in Colombia.